Effect of soluble dietary fiber on soy protein isolate emulsion gel properties, stability and delivery of vitamin D3.

Emulsion gels with denser network microstructure and stronger mechanical properties have attracted increasing attentions for delivering lipophilic compounds. In this study, the effect of three distinct soluble dietary fiber (inulin (IN), resistant dextrin (RD) and stachyose (ST)) on the rheological, mechanical and microstructural properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) emulsion gel were firstly investigated. Compared with RD and IN, ST significantly accelerated water holding capacity and thermal stability, which exhibited more compact microstructure and more uniform emulsified oil droplets. Subsequently, the stability and bioavailability of vitamin D3 (VD3) in different delivery systems (medium chain triglycerides (MCT) embedding, SPI-ST emulsion embedding, SPI emulsion gel embedding and SPI-ST emulsion gel embedding) were continue evaluated. In vitro simulated digestion experiment demonstrated that the bioaccessibility of encapsulated VD3 in SPI-ST emulsion gel (69.95 %) was much higher than that of free embedding (48.99 %). In vivo pharmacokinetic experiment revealed that the bioavailability of VD3 was significantly enhanced in SPI-ST gel (p < 0.05), with the AUC0-24h value of 25-OH VD3 (the main circulating form of VD3) were 1.34-fold, 1.23-fold higher than that of free embedding, MCT embedding, respectively. These findings provide a possible approach for the development of high protein/fiber functional foods containing enhanced hydrophobic bioactives.

Church Closings Were Associated with Higher COVID-19 Infection Rates: Implications for Community Health Equity.

This study investigates the changes in physical church closings years 2013 to 2019 in New York City (NYC), Philadelphia, and Baltimore and the association with COVID-19 infection rates. We applied Bayesian spatial binomial models to analyze confirmed cases of COVID-19 as of February 28, 2022, in each city at the zip code-level. A one unit increase in the number of churches closed corresponded to a 5% higher COVID-19 infection rate, in NYC (rate ratio = 1.05, 95% credible interval = 1.02-1.08%), where the association was significant. Church closings appears to be an important indicator of neighborhood social vulnerability. Church closings should be routinely monitored as a structural determinant of community health and to advance health equity.

Spatial accessibility of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): different measure choices and the implications for detecting shortage areas and examining its association with social determinants of health.

PURPOSE: We examine how various pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) accessibility measures impact the detection of PrEP shortage areas and the relation of shortage areas to social determinants of health (SDOH). METHODS: Using ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs) in New York City as a case study, we compared 25 measures of spatial PrEP accessibility across four categories, including density, proximity, two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA), and Gaussian 2SFCA (G2SFCA). Bayesian spatial regression models were used to examine how PrEP accessibility is associated with SDOH. RESULTS: Using density to measure PrEP accessibility for small areas such as ZCTAs poses challenges to statistical modeling because the measured accessibility values are highly skewed with excess zeros, leading to the necessity of using complex models such as the two-part mixture model. When G2SFCA measures are used, which account for distance decay effects and the competition from the PrEP demand side, findings on PrEP shortage area detection and the association between PrEP accessibility and SDOH were more consistent and less sensitive to spatial scales (i.e., varying from 10- to 30-minute driving). CONCLUSIONS: This research adds to the nascent research on PrEP accessibility measurement and sheds light on selecting an appropriate measure to assess spatial disparities in PrEP accessibility and its associations with SDOH.

Single-pulse characterization of the focal spot size of X-ray free-electron lasers using coherent diffraction imaging.

The characterization of X-ray focal spots is of great significance for the diagnosis and performance optimization of focusing systems. X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) are the latest generation of X-ray sources with ultrahigh brilliance, ultrashort pulse duration and nearly full transverse coherence. Because each XFEL pulse is unique and has an ultrahigh peak intensity, it is difficult to characterize its focal spot size individually with full power. Herein, a method for characterizing the spot size at the focus position is proposed based on coherent diffraction imaging. A numerical simulation was conducted to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. The focal spot size of the Coherent Scattering and Imaging endstation at the Shanghai Soft X-ray Free Electron Laser Facility was characterized using the method. The full width at half-maxima of the focal spot intensity and spot size in the horizontal and vertical directions were calculated to be 2.10 ± 0.24 µm and 2.00 ± 0.20 µm, respectively. An ablation imprint on the silicon frame was used to validate the results of the proposed method.

The association of glycated hemoglobin A1c with coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and severity of coronary lesions.

Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) has been recognized as a predictor of cardiovascular events. However, the relationship between HbA1c and coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Chinese population has yet to be systematically explored. In addition, factors associated with HbA1c were generally analyzed linearly, thereby failing to appreciate more complex nonlinear associations. The study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the HbA1c value and the presence and severity of coronary artery stenosis. A total of 7192 consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography were enrolled. Their biological parameters, including HbA1c, were measured. The severity of coronary stenosis was evaluated using Gensini score. After correcting for baseline confounding factors, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between HbA1c and CAD severity. Restricted cubic splines were applied to explore the relation of HbA1c with the presence of CAD, myocardial infarction (MI), and the severity of coronary lesions. HbA1c was significantly associated with the presence and severity of CAD in patients without diagnosed diabetes (odds ratio: 1.306, 95% confidence interval: 1.053-1.619, p = 0.015). Spline analysis showed a U-shaped association of HbA1c with the presence of MI. Both HbA1c > 7.2% and HbA1c < 5.7% were associated with the presence of MI. In conclusion, HbA1c value was highly associated with the severity of coronary artery stenosis in the whole study population, and in CAD patients without diagnosed diabetes. Compared with patients with HbA1c levels between 6.0% and 7.0%, HbA1c < 5.7% and HbA1c > 7.2% were associated with higher presence of MI.

Synthesis of hyperbranched polyamine dendrimer/chitosan/silica composite for efficient adsorption of Hg(II).

The pollution of water system with Hg(II) exerts hazardous effect to ecosystem and public health. Adsorption is considered to be a promising strategy to remove Hg(II) from aqueous solution. Herein, hyperbranched polyamine dendrimer/chitosan/silica composite (SiO2-FP) was synthesized for the adsorption of aqueous Hg(II). The adsorption performance of SiO2-FP was comprehensively determined by considering various influencing factors. SiO2-FP displays good adsorption performance for Hg(II) with the adsorption capacity of 0.79 mmol·g-1, which is higher than the corresponding chitosan functionalized silica (SiO2-CTS) by 46.30 %. The optimal solution pH for the adsorption of Hg(II) is 6. Adsorption kinetic indicates the adsorption for Hg(II) can reach equilibrium at 250 min. Adsorption kinetic process can be well fitted by pseudo-second-order (PSO). Adsorption isotherm reveals the adsorption for Hg(II) can be promoted by increasing initial Hg(II) concentration and adsorption temperature. The adsorption isotherm indicates the adsorption process can be described by Langmuir model and the adsorption is a spontaneous, endothermic and entropy-increased process. SiO2-FP displays excellent adsorption selectivity and can 100 % adsorb Hg(II) with the coexisting of Ni(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Mn(II), and Co(II). Adsorption mechanism demonstrates -NH-, -NH2, CN, CONH, -OH, and CO participated in the adsorption. SiO2-FP exhibits good regeneration property and the regeneration rate can maintain approximately 90 % after five adsorption-desorption cycles.

A Scoping Review of Programs to Prevent Child Sexual Abuse in Mainland China.

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a worldwide public health concern. With the widespread dissemination of prevention approaches to end CSA, numerous CSA prevention programs exist in developed countries, but there is little evidence on how these programs are performing in Mainland China. The aim of this study was to review the existing research focusing on CSA prevention programs in Mainland China. Studies of CSA prevention programs were identified by conducting a comprehensive search of major academic databases for Chinese and English research. Articles were retained if they were original empirical studies that conducted programs to prevent CSA in Mainland China and measured related outcomes. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. A child-targeted, universally focused, and school-based educational program was the most common (n = 7), followed by specifically focused programs that covered migrant and left-behind children using group-based intervention strategies (n = 2) and ordinary parents with self-learning strategies (n = 2); one study delivered agency-based face-to-face education to parents with disabled children. However, the shortcomings in research design limited its replication to the broader population. CSA prevention program research in Mainland China is in an early stage due to the limited target populations, lack of large-scale government-led initiatives, and low involvement of multicomponent collaboration. We provide suggestions for conducting future research involving more inclusive programs for other populations, comprehensive programs with multiple targets and stakeholders, large-scale evidence-based research, culturally tailored and contextual adaptation programs.

A CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted rapid detection platform by biosensing the apxIVA of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is an important respiratory pig pathogen that causes substantial losses in the worldwide swine industry. Chronic or subclinical infection with no apparent clinical symptoms poses a challenge for preventing transmission between herds. Rapid diagnostics is important for the control of epidemic diseases. In this study, we formulated an A. pleuropneumoniae species-specific apxIVA-based CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted rapid detection platform (Card) that combines recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) of target DNA and subsequent Cas12a ssDNase activation. Card has a detection limit of 10 CFUs of A. pleuropneumoniae, and there is no cross-reactivity with other common swine pathogens. The detection process can be completed in 1 h, and there was 100% agreement between the conventional apxIVA-based PCR and Card in detecting A. pleuropneumoniae in lung samples. Microplate fluorescence readout enables high-throughput use in diagnostic laboratories, and naked eye and lateral flow test readouts enable use at the point of care. We conclude that Card is a versatile, rapid, accurate molecular diagnostic platform suitable for use in both laboratory and low-resource settings.

Is race-specific neighborhood social cohesion key to reducing racial disparities in late HIV diagnosis: A multiyear ecological study.

We examined whether race/ethnic-specific social cohesion is associated with race/ethnic-specific HIV diagnosis rates using Bayesian space-time zero-inflated Poisson multivariable models, across 376 Census tracts. Social cohesion data were from the Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey, 2008-2015 and late HIV diagnosis data from eHARS system, 2009-2016. Areas where trust in neighbors reported by Black/African Americans was medium (compared to low) had lower rates of late HIV diagnosis among Black/African Americans (Relative Risk (RR)=0.52, 95% credible interval (CrI)= 0.34, 0.80). In contrast, areas where trust in neighbors reported by Black/African Americans were highest had lower late HIV diagnosis rates among Whites (RR=0.35, 95% CrI= 0.16, 0.76). Race/ethnic-specific differences in social cohesion may have implications for designing interventions aimed at modifying area-level social factors to reduce racial disparities in late HIV diagnosis.

Rethinking walkability and developing a conceptual definition of active living environments to guide research and practice.

BACKGROUND: Walkability is a popular term used to describe aspects of the built and social environment that have important population-level impacts on physical activity, energy balance, and health. Although the term is widely used by researchers, practitioners, and the general public, and multiple operational definitions and walkability measurement tools exist, there are is no agreed-upon conceptual definition of walkability. METHOD: To address this gap, researchers from Memorial University of Newfoundland hosted "The Future of Walkability Measures Workshop" in association with researchers from the Canadian Urban Environmental Health Research Consortium (CANUE) in November 2017. During the workshop, trainees, researchers, and practitioners worked together in small groups to iteratively develop and reach consensus about a conceptual definition and name for walkability. The objective of this paper was to discuss and propose a conceptual definition of walkability and related concepts. RESULTS: In discussions during the workshop, it became clear that the term walkability leads to a narrow conception of the environmental features associated with health as it inherently focuses on walking. As a result, we suggest that the term Active Living Environments, as has been previously proposed in the literature, are more appropriate. We define Active Living Environments (ALEs) as the emergent natural, built, and social properties of neighbourhoods that promote physical activity and health and allow for equitable access to health-enhancing resources. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that this broader conceptualization allows for a more comprehensive understanding of how built, natural, and social environments can contribute to improved health for all members of the population.

Study on emission factors of FCC flue gas pollutants in petroleum refineries.

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit is one of the means to lighten heavy oil in refineries, and its regenerated flue gas is also the main source of air pollutants from refinery. However, it is not clear about the type and amount of pollutants discharged from FCC units in China. The emissions of regenerated pollutants in the stack flue gases of three typical FCC units in China were investigated in this study, including a partial regeneration unit without a CO boiler (U1), a partial regeneration unit with a CO boiler (U2), and a full regeneration unit (U3). Different monitoring methods were used to analyze the concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), and the results showed that Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) monitoring results of SO2 and NOx are approximately 10 times and 5 times larger than those of the continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) data, respectively. Also, the contents of characteristic pollutants such as NH3, C6H6, HCN, C8H8, C2H4, CH4, and CO were also monitored by FTIR, and the emission factors based on coke burn-off rate and throughput were investigated. The pollutants in U1 exhibited relatively higher contents with the NH3, HCN, and C6H6 of 116.99, 71.94, and 56.41 mg/Nm3 in flue gas, respectively. The emission of regenerated pollutants in U2 and U3 are significantly different from U1. Regeneration processes (including coke properties, operating modes, and presence or absence of CO boilers) affected pollutants' emission factors in varying degrees. At last, reasonable emission factors based on the different FCC regeneration processes contribute to the prediction, assessment, and control for the pollutant emission.

Association of Poor Mental-Health Days With COVID-19 Infection Rates in the U.S.

INTRODUCTION: Limited evidence exists about the association between prior prevalence of poor mental health at the area level and subsequent rates of COVID-19 infections. This association was tested using area-level nationwide population data in the U.S. METHODS: A nationwide study including 2,839 U.S. counties was conducted. Poor mental health was the age-adjusted average number of days within the past 30 days that adults reported poor mental health, including depression, stress, and problems with emotions, from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. COVID-19 infection rates were cumulative confirmed cases between January 22 and October 7, 2020 per 100,000 people in the general population. Bayesian spatial mixed-effects regression estimated the relationship between COVID-19 infection and poor mental-health days at the county level in 2019 and change in poor mental health between 2010 and 2019, adjusted for several covariates. RESULTS: Poor mental-health days in 2019 were positively associated with higher COVID-19 infection rates (RRR=1.059, 95% credible interval=1.003, 1.117). Change in mental health was not significantly associated with COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Prior rates of poor mental health in a county were associated with a higher burden of COVID-19 infection. Interventions that improve well-being and strengthen mental-health systems at the community and other geographic levels are needed to address post-COVID-19 mental health problems.

Gender Differences in the Relationship of Waist Circumference to Coronary Artery Lesions and One-Year Re-Admission Among Coronary Artery Disease Patients with Normal Body Mass Index.

PURPOSE: The study explored the association of waist circumference (WC) with the severity of cardiovascular diseases and hospital readmission of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with normal body mass index (BMI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: 213 female and 431 male normal-BMI CAD patients were enrolled and assigned in three groups based on their gender-specific WC tertiles. Their cardiovascular risk factors and coronary angiography characteristics were analyzed in a cross-sectional study, and the gender-specific relationship between WC and one-year re-admission rate was prospectively explored. RESULTS: The cross-sectional analysis showed that for male normal-BMI CAD patients, diabetes and dyslipidemia prevalence, Apo B/A1, hs-CRP, and uric acid levels triglycerides-glucose index, the incidence of left main disease, three vessel disease, calcification lesion, total occlusive lesion, and complex lesion, as well as Gensini score was in the order of WC tertile 3 > WC tertile 2 > WC tertile 1. In addition, male normal-BMI CAD patients in the highest WC tertile were at an increased risk of severe CAD (OR=2.21), and the correlation was still statistically significant even after adjusting for potential cardiovascular risk factors (OR=1.87). For female normal-BMI CAD patients, as the WC tertiles increased, uric acid level, the prevalence of three vessel disease, diffuse lesion, and complex lesion gradually increased (P <0.05), but no significant difference was found in the risk of severe CAD among different WC groups (all P >0.05). Prospective analyses showed that the higher the WC tertile was, the higher the one-year re-admission rate in men, but not in women, and after adjusting for other risk factors, men with the highest WC tertile showed more than twice the risk of patients with the lowest WC tertile. CONCLUSION: Male but not female, normal-BMI CAD patients with increased WC had more severe CAD and a higher risk of one-year re-admission rate.

Pericardial Adipose Tissue-Derived Leptin Promotes Myocardial Apoptosis in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats Through Janus Kinase 2/Reactive Oxygen Species/Na+/K+-ATPase Signaling Pathway.

Background Pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying cardiac structural and functional changes in obesity are complex and linked to adipocytokines released from pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Although leptin is involved in various pathological conditions, its role in paracrine action of pericardial adipose tissue on myocardial apoptosis remains unknown. This study was designed to investigate the role of PAT-derived leptin on myocardial apoptosis in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Methods and Results Hearts were isolated from lean or high-fat diet-induced obese Wistar rats for myocardial remodeling studies. Obese rats had abnormal myocardial structure, diastolic dysfunction, greatly elevated cardiac apoptosis, enhanced cardiac fibrosis, and increased oxidative stress level. ELISA detected significantly higher than circulating leptin level in PAT of obese, but not lean, rats. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated increased leptin receptor density in obese hearts. H9c2 cardiomyoblasts, after being exposed to PAT-conditioned medium of obese rats, exhibited pronounced reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis, which was partially reversed by leptin antagonist. Moreover, leptin derived from PAT of obese rats inhibited Na+/K+-ATPase activity of H9c2 cells through stimulating reactive oxygen species, thereby activating calcium-dependent apoptosis. Pretreatment with specific inhibitors revealed that Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathways were involved in leptin-induced myocardial apoptosis. Conclusions PAT-derived leptin induces myocardial apoptosis in high-fat diet-induced obese rats via activating Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/reactive oxygen species signaling pathway and inhibiting its downstream Na+/K+-ATPase activity.

HIV Infection Prevalence Significantly Intersects With COVID-19 Infection At the Area Level: A US County-Level Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Limited empirical evidence exists about the extent to which the current HIV epidemic intersects with COVID-19 infections at the area/geographic level. Moreover, little is known about how demographic, social, economic, behavioral, and clinical determinants are jointly associated with these infectious diseases. SETTING: Contiguous US counties (N = 3108). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis and investigated the joint association between new HIV infection prevalence in 2018 and COVID-19 infections (January 22, 2020 and October 7, 2020) and explore the contribution of factors such as income inequality, binge drinking, and socioeconomic deprivation. We used Bayesian multivariate spatial models to estimate the cross-disease correlations between these diseases and identified hotspots, which we defined as a county with a posterior probability greater than 80% of being in the top decile of that disease. RESULTS: New HIV infection prevalence and COVID-19 infection moderately and significantly intersect [spatial correlation = 0.37, 95% credible interval (CrI) = 0.36-0.37]. Seventy-five counties, mostly in the south, were at elevated burden for HIV and COVID-19 infections. Higher income inequality was positively associated with both COVID-19 (relative risk 1.05, 95% CrI = 1.03-1.07) and HIV infection (relative risk = 1.12, 95% CrI = 1.09-1.15). CONCLUSIONS: We found that there is a considerable intersection between the current distribution of HIV burden with COVID-19 infections at the area level. We identified areas that federal funding and vaccination campaigns should prioritize for prevention and care efforts.

A Systematic Review of MRI Neuroimaging for Education Research.

This study aims to disclose how the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) neuroimaging approach has been applied in education studies, and what kind of learning themes has been investigated in the reviewed MRI neuroimaging research. Based on the keywords "brain or neuroimaging or neuroscience" and "MRI or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) or white matter or gray matter or resting-state," a total of 25 papers were selected from the subject areas "Educational Psychology" and "Education and Educational Research" from the Web of Science and Scopus from 2000 to 2019. Content analysis showed that MRI neuroimaging and learning were studied under the following three major topics and nine subtopics: cognitive function (language, creativity, music, physical activity), science education (mathematical learning, biology learning, physics learning), and brain development (parenting, personality development). As for the type of MRI neuroimaging research, the most frequently used approaches were functional MRI, followed by structural MRI and DTI, although the choice of approach was often motivated by the specific research question. Research development trends show that the neural plasticity theme has become more prominent recently. This study concludes that in educational research, the MRI neuroimaging approach provides objective and empirical evidence to connect learning processes, outcomes, and brain mechanisms.

Influence of wet flue gas desulfurization on the pollutants monitoring in FCC flue gas.

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit emits a large amount of flue gas, which is a major concern of environmental protection supervision. Wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) technologies have been widely used to control the emissions of SO2 in refineries. In this study, stack tests for pollutants emission of a typical FCC unit were conducted. The emission characteristics of the FCC unit indicated that WFGD would cause a large amount of water vapor in the flue gas, which indirectly leads to large quantities of salt pollutants entrained in the flue gas including ammonium sulfite ((NH4)2SO3) and ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4). A strong correlation among the concentrations of SO2, NH3, and H2O was observed, and factor analysis shows that these concentrations are dominated by a common factor. It was also found that a mass quantity of NH4+ and SO32- existed in the condensate water of the flue gas. The TG-MS analysis shows that (NH4)2SO3 could be decomposed at 94.1 °C, and NH3, SO2, and H2O are released as reaction products in the form of gas. Therefore, a part of the NH3 and SO2 obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) monitoring may be derived from the decomposition of (NH4)2SO3 in the flue gas due to the high temperature during the sampling process, which was also confirmed in a lab experiment. The hot and wet sampling process will lead to overestimation of NH3 and SO2 emissions rather than FTIR method itself when monitoring the high-humidity FCC flue gas. Thus, the concentration of H2O in the flue gas and the type of sampling process need to be taken into consideration during the monitoring process.

Predicting lying, sitting, walking and running using Apple Watch and Fitbit data.

OBJECTIVES: This study's objective was to examine whether commercial wearable devices could accurately predict lying, sitting and varying intensities of walking and running. METHODS: We recruited a convenience sample of 49 participants (23 men and 26 women) to wear three devices, an Apple Watch Series 2, a Fitbit Charge HR2 and iPhone 6S. Participants completed a 65 min protocol consisting of 40 min of total treadmill time and 25 min of sitting or lying time. The study's outcome variables were six movement types: lying, sitting, walking self-paced and walking/running at 3 metabolic equivalents of task (METs), 5 METs and 7 METs. All analyses were conducted at the minute level with heart rate, steps, distance and calories from Apple Watch and Fitbit. These included three different machine learning models: support vector machines, Random Forest and Rotation forest. RESULTS: Our dataset included 3656 and 2608 min of Apple Watch and Fitbit data, respectively. Rotation Forest models had the highest classification accuracies for Apple Watch at 82.6%, and Random Forest models had the highest accuracy for Fitbit at 90.8%. Classification accuracies for Apple Watch data ranged from 72.6% for sitting to 89.0% for 7 METs. For Fitbit, accuracies varied between 86.2% for sitting to 92.6% for 7 METs. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study demonstrated that data from commercial wearable devices could predict movement types with reasonable accuracy. More research is needed, but these methods are a proof of concept for movement type classification at the population level using commercial wearable device data.

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The index of dominance (S), average crowding (X*), niche breadth (Bi), and niche overlap (Qik ) of dominant zooplankton species were calculated using data collected from four zooplankton surveys from May 2016 to February 2017 in Yueqing Bay, Zhejiang Province. The results showed that there were 17 dominant zooplankton species (with S＞0.02). The niche breadth values of those dominant species differed greatly and were positively correlated with S. The niche overlaps of zooplanktons were extremely low. The total amount of species pairs with niche overlap higher than 0.6 (Qik＞0.6) were 25 in Yueqing Bay, which represented 18.4% of the total pairs. Results from the redundancy analysis showed that the distribution of dominant zooplankton species was mainly affected by temperature and salinity, which caused ecological differentiation of zooplankton species.

The migration, transformation, and risk assessment of heavy metals in residue and bio-oil obtained by the liquefaction of pig manure.

The total contents and chemical speciation analysis of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cd, and As in pig manure (PM), liquefaction residues (LRs), and bio-oils (BOs) derived from PM by liquefaction with ethanol as a solvent at 180-300 °C were thoroughly investigated in this study. The environment risk assessment, leachability, and bioavailability of heavy metals in PM and LRs were studied. The results showed that more than 75% of heavy metals remained in LRs. The total contents of heavy metals in LRs were markedly elevated, but those in BOs gradually decreased with the increase in liquefaction temperature. Moreover, the acid soluble/exchangeable fraction and reducible fraction (F1 + F2) of heavy metals in LRs and BOs was significantly reduced, while oxidizable fraction and stable fraction (F3 + F4) desirably increased after liquefaction. Furthermore, the potential risk of heavy metals in LRs was decreased in comparison to that in PM, but the risk of Pb, Mn, and As had not been obviously reduced; therefore, the LRs from the liquefaction of PM should be pretreated before recycling. Temperatures from 220 to 260 °C were the optimum conditions for disposing of PM by liquefaction with ethanol.